Fig. 1

a An experimenter holding a trim stimulus used in study 1 with the minimal trim pattern prescribed by the NFPA 1971–2013 standard (left) and an experimenter wearing firefighter turnout gear (right); b trim stimulus and turnout gear when viewed from afar; c traditional solid lime yellow and orange-red trim samples with alternating bands of fluorescent, retroreflective, and fluorescent material; d more recently developed segmented lime yellow and orange-red trim samples