Table 1 AM technologies, materials and features/applications with regard to 3D printing fabrics, are depicted

(Koerner, 2017)

SLS

TPU 92

Brand name: venus dress (Fig. 2)

Figure 2 Venus dress. Credits: Venus dress, Julia Koerner 2017. Photography: Tom Oldham

Development state: fashion exhibition, 2013

Features: completed wearable 3D-printed dress

(Rosenkrantz & Louis-Rosenberg, 2017)

SLS

Rigid nylon

Brand name: kinematics dress and kinematic petals dress—nervous system (Fig. 3)

Figure 3 Nervous system

Development state: fashion exhibition

Features: computational geometry techniques with rigid body physics and digital fabrication are combined to create customized products. 3D printed hinge structures are interconnected to create complex, foldable forms composed of thousands of articulated modules, which behave as a continuous textile. The dress making process was: (1) 3D scan client, (2) sketch dress, (3) tessellate, (4) generate kinematics structure, (5) simulate draping, (6) compress into a smaller form for fabrication by 3D printing. It emerges from the 3D printer fully assembled

(Bloomfield & Borstrock, 2018)

SLS

Polyamide (PA12)

Brand name: modeclix (Fig. 4)

Figure 4 Modeclix. Credits: Mark Bloomfield, Shaun Borstrock University of Hertfordshire

Development state: On the market

Features: 3D printing fabric customisation through a structured system of additively manufactured links. The system allows the interchangeability of links to remove or add links to adjust the size and shape, repair or re-shape the garment design. Modeclix addresses principles of the circular economy: manufactured and scaled on demand, localised manufacture, enables repair, re-use and re-shape into different design

(Julia Koerner, 2019)

MJ

Flexible VERO multi-material

Brand name: SETAE jacket (Fig. 5)

Figure 5 SETAE Jacket. Credits: Setae Jacket for Chromorpho Collection Stratays, Julia Koerner 2019. Photography: Ger Ger

Development state: fashion—chro morpho collection

Features: both bionic structures and multi-colour 3D printing are explored. The jacket is composed of thousands of multicoloured bristle-like structures that move with the wearer’s movement

(“Danit Peleg,” 2022)

FDM^™

TPU—FilaFlex (brand of flexible 3D filament)

Brand name: Danit Peleg

Development state: “The first fashion collection 3D-printed at home”

Features: Danit Peleg’ s 3D printed fashion designs are based on three approaches: printing with a known pattern, printing textiles for dapping and printing objects that can be linked together. The lace-like textiles are based on filaflex’s flexibility and mesostructured cellular materials designed by Andreas Bastian. Also, Peleg uses auxetic patterns in some of her garments. Both lace-like textiles and auxetic patterns can adapt to the body and have a more fabric-like behaviour

Online sales: ready-to-wear 3D printed bomber jacket is available to purchase online. It takes about 100 h to print and is customizable through website options by selecting 3d printing fabric, lining fabric, typing back words, choosing the size and having a virtual fitting session

(Lim et al., 2014)

SLS

Nylon 12

Brand name: N12 Bikini

Development state: on the market

Features: N12 Bikini is a 3D printed ready to wear, is flexible and all closures are included