International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research
Table 2 Absorbed energy and skin prediction burn time of fabric systems for upper, middle and lower sensors in the hot water splash test (85 °C)
From: Can common finishing treatments used in chef jacket fabrics improve protection against scald injury?
Finish | Structure | No. of layers | Absorbed energy (kJ m−2) | Second degree burn | Third degree burn | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Upper | Middle | Lower | Upper | Middle | Lower | Upper | Middle | Lower | |||
Regular | Plain | 1 | 249.5 (13.4) | 212.7 (15.3) | 217.7 (12.7) | 1.4 (0.5) | 3.4 (0.3) | 3.5 (0.8) | 21.5 (3.7) | NB | NB |
2 | 259.9 (6.5) | 208.1 (18.1) | 191.0 (20.0) | 2.3 (0.6) | 5.2 (2.3) | 8.9 (2.0) | 24.6 (4.0) | NB | NB | ||
3 | 271.3 (9.4) | 216.1 (9.8) | 213.9 (17.0) | 2.8 (0.3) | 7.2 (1.0) | 7.0 (0.6) | 26.3 (1.9) | NB | NB | ||
Twill | 1 | 250.3 (22.0) | 203.2 (16.8) | 207.1 (12.7) | 3.2 (1.9) | 5.0 (1.2) | 6.0 (1.9) | 27.0 (9.5)a | NB | NB | |
2 | 242.4 (15.8) | 160.6 (24.5) | 165.9 (22.2) | 5.3 (1.4) | 9.4 (0.6) | 10.5 (0.6) | 31.4 (7.9)c | NB | NB | ||
3 | 227.6 (55.0) | 152.4 (50.9) | 147.7 (55.3) | 7.0 (2.8) | 12.6 (4.7)b | 16.5 (7.1)b | NB | NB | NB | ||
Water | Plain | 1 | 239.0 (12.1) | 199.6 (12.2) | 211.3 (7.4) | 1.9 (0.3) | 4.4 (1.0) | 4.5 (0.2) | 25.2 (7.1) | NB | NB |
2 | 247.8 (7.2) | 192.9 (19.9) | 199.2 (14.3) | 3.1 (0.6) | 7.6 (2.5) | 7.9 (1.8) | 28.6 (5.1) | NB | NB | ||
3 | 243.7 (5.7) | 157.8 (18.3) | 158.9 (14.3) | 5.0 (0.6) | 11.7 (1.6) | 13.2 (1.7) | 46.3 (10.9)b | NB | NB | ||
Twill | 1 | 248.4 (16.6) | 211.1 (15.6) | 212.2 (13.4) | 2.5 (1.4) | 4.8 (2.0) | 4.9 (0.7) | 30.1 (11.0) | 31.2d | NB | |
2 | 253.5 (11.6) | 181.9 (20.3) | 177.6 (4.9) | 4.5 (1.2) | 8.5 (0.7) | 10.0 (0.3) | 27.8 (2.9)b | NB | NB | ||
3 | 228.6 (34.8) | 133.6 (31.7) | 141.0 (25.3) | 7.9 (0.9) | 15.5 (2.6)b | 15.1 (0.9)b | NB | NB | NB | ||
Soil | Plain | 1 | 237.9 (11.8) | 183.2 (25.7) | 202.8 (10.4) | 2.2 (0.3) | 5.9 (2.3) | 4.2 (1.2) | 22.9 (5.2) | NB | NB |
2 | 234.8 (13.3) | 153.5 (18.0) | 157.7 (8.8) | 4.2 (0.3) | 6.5 (1.2) | 7.2 (0.5) | 30.3 (5.9)b | NB | NB | ||
3 | 212.2 (9.0) | 131.4 (15.9) | 135.3 (13.0) | 7.0 (1.1) | 12.2 (1.8) | 12.0 (1.4) | NB | NB | NB | ||
Twill | 1 | 258.2 (4.7) | 212.3 (7.2) | 219.8 (3.2) | 1.8 (0.4) | 3.9 (0.9) | 4.4 (0.5) | 20.9 (1.7) | NB | NB | |
2 | 285.1 (16.1) | 219.2 (11.9) | 214.6 (10.0) | 2.7 (0.5) | 7.2 (1.3) | 8.4 (1.0) | 23.8 (3.1) | NB | NB | ||
3 | 291.4 (7.3) | 217.5 (13.5) | 199.9 (18.0) | 4.2 (0.3) | 10.9 (0.7) | 13.2 (1.0) | 29.3 (2.0) | NB | NB | ||
Teflon® | Plain | 1 | 190.1 (5.9) | 170.6 (9.6) | 172.8 (11.9) | 3.1 (0.5) | 3.9 (0.7) | 4.6 (0.6) | NB | NB | NB |
2 | 153.2 (8.2) | 135.8 (12.4) | 133.0 (2.4) | 5.4 (0.5) | 7.7 (1.8) | 8.4 (0.8) | NB | NB | NB | ||
3 | 125.4 (4.8) | 116.4 (7.0) | 112.7 (7.2) | 8.8 (0.5) | 11.1 (1.5) | 12.2 (0.9)a | NB | NB | NB | ||
Twill | 1 | 184.9 (6.7) | 168.0 (8.1) | 159.6 (4.8) | 3.5 (0.6) | 4.3 (0.7) | 5.0 (0.6) | NB | NB | NB | |
2 | 140.0 (14.5) | 127.5 (9.2) | 120.6 (7.5) | 6.7 (1.0) | 8.3 (1.0) | 9.6 (0.9) | NB | NB | NB | ||
3 | 111.9 (10.7) | 101.3 (8.5) | 99.8 (11.1) | 11.3 (1.0)a | 14.1d | NB | NB | NB | NB | ||