Table 5 Analysis of three countries in the TRAM model

H1a: Optimism → Perceived ease of use

.66

10.39***

.50

7.32***

.68

8.24***

H1b: Optimism → Perceived usefulness

.32

4.26***

.35

3.54***

.43

4.50***

H1c: Optimism → Perceived enjoyment

.67

11.48***

.55

6.86***

.66

7.54***

H1d: Optimism → Perceived fit

.51

5.09***

.43

4.75***

.56

7.46***

H2a: Innovativeness → Perceived ease of use

.17

2.14*

.28

4.24***

.08

1.04

H2b: Innovativeness → Perceived usefulness

.10

1.67

.12

1.40

.01

0.16

H2c: Innovativeness → Perceived enjoyment

.23

3.42***

.20

2.77**

.21

2.63**

H2d: Innovativeness → Perceived fit

.33

3.71***

.31

4.00***

.28

3.52***

H3a: Discomfort → Perceived ease of use

− .15

2.16*

− .02

0.29

− .12

1.33

H3b: Discomfort → Perceived usefulness

− .11

2.11*

− .10

1.17

− .11

1.76

H3c: Discomfort → Perceived enjoyment

− .13

2.45*

− .09

0.89

− .17

1.88

H3d: Discomfort → Perceived fit

− .05

0.69

− .02

0.19

− .08

1.10

H4a: Insecurity → Perceived ease of use

.11

1.73

.02

0.31

.15

1.70

H4b: Insecurity → Perceived usefulness

.02

0.47

− .06

0.57

.01

0.31

H4c: Insecurity → Perceived enjoyment

.08

1.49

− .10

1.29

.08

0.97

H4d: Insecurity → Perceived fit

.07

1.06

− .03

0.39

.13

1.69

H5: Perceived ease of use → Perceived usefulness

.54

7.09***

.38

4.54***

.51

6.01***

H6: Perceived ease of use → Attitude

− .08

0.83

.14

1.68

.00

0.03

H7: Perceived usefulness → Attitude

.22

1.96*

.19

2.38*

.27

2.35*

H8: Perceived enjoyment → Attitude

.51

3.91***

.36

3.39***

.43

3.99***

H9: Perceived fit → Attitude

.25

1.88

.22

2.22*

.21

2.52*

H10: Attitude → Purchase intention

.87

35.09***

.76

20.87***

.88

4.83***

Purchase experience → Attitude

.15

1.23

.10

1.00

.08

0.88

Purchase experience → Purchase intention

.14

1.38

.45

4.21***

.06

0.73